John Quincy Adams’s (JQA) diary, which was inspired by his father John Adams (JA) and started as a travel journal, initiated a lifelong writing obsession. In 1779, twelve-year-old JQA made his second trip abroad to accompany his father’s diplomatic mission. While in Europe, he attended various schools and traveled to St. Petersburg as an interpreter during Francis Dana’s mission to Russia. He subsequently served as JA’s secretary at Paris during the final months before the Anglo-American Definitive Peace Treaty was signed in September 1783. Two years later, JQA returned to the US. After graduating from Harvard College in 1787, he moved to Newburyport to read law under Theophilus Parsons and in 1790 he established a legal practice in Boston. JQA’s skill as a writer brought him public acclaim, and in 1794 President George Washington nominated him as US minister resident to the Netherlands.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) entered diplomatic service in September 1794 as US minister resident to the Netherlands. He married Louisa Catherine Johnson (LCA) in July 1797 after a fourteen-month engagement, and their three sons were born in this period. During his father John Adams’s (JA) presidency they moved to Berlin where, as US minister plenipotentiary, JQA signed a new Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. JQA returned to the US in 1801 and entered politics, elected first to the Massachusetts senate in 1802 and then to the US Senate in 1803. His contentious relationship with fellow Federalist members over his support of some Democratic-Republican policies led to his removal from office. In May 1808 the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature voted to replace him at the end of his term, prompting JQA’s resignation in June. Between 1806 and 1809 he also served as the first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) returned to diplomatic service in August 1809 as the US’s first minister plenipotentiary to Russia. In St. Petersburg JQA was well-liked by Emperor Alexander I and closely followed the battles of the Napoleonic Wars then raging across Europe. When the US declared war on Great Britain in 1812, Adams watched from afar as the conflict dragged on for two years. In April 1814, he traveled to Ghent, Belgium, as part of the US delegation to negotiate an end to the war with England; the Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve. Subsequently appointed US minister to the Court of St. James’s in May 1815, JQA served in London for the next two years.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) served as the US secretary of state during James Monroe’s presidency. Adams’s duties included organizing and responding to all State Department correspondence and negotiating agreements beneficial to the US. His achievements as secretary of state include the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the US border with Canada along the 49th parallel, and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (Transcontinental Treaty), which resulted in the US acquisition of Florida. JQA also formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine, in which the US called for European non-intervention in the western hemisphere, specifically in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. As Monroe’s presidency came to an end, JQA was among the top candidates in the 1824 presidential election. When no candidate earned the necessary majority, the House of Representatives decided the election in JQA’s favor in February 1825.
John Quincy Adams (JQA) was inaugurated as the sixth president of the US on 4 March 1825 and began his administration with an ambitious agenda of improvements for American society. His presidency was embattled. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, who believed their candidate had unfairly lost the 1824 election, worked ceaselessly to foil JQA’s plans. Domestically, JQA refused to replace civil servants with partisan supporters, and his administration became involved in disputes between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia. JQA’s foreign policy also suffered, as partisan bickering in Congress failed to provide timely funding for US delegates to attend the 1826 Congress of Panama. Political mudslinging in advance of the 1828 presidential election was particularly fierce, and by mid-1827 JQA knew he would not be reelected.
In 1831 John Quincy Adams (JQA) became the only former president to subsequently serve in the US House of Representatives. As the chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, he helped compose the compromise tariff bill of 1832. He traveled to Philadelphia as part of a committee that investigated the Bank of the United States, drafting a minority report in support of rechartering the bank after disagreeing with the committee’s majority report. JQA regularly presented the antislavery petitions he received from across the country, and he vehemently opposed the passage of the Gag Rule in 1836 that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and in 1838 he delivered a marathon speech condemning the evils of slavery. JQA also chaired the committee that oversaw the bequest of James Smithson, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution.
During his final years of service in the US House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams (JQA) continued to oppose the Gag Rule that prevented House discussion of petitions related to slavery. In 1839 he joined the defense team for the Africans who revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad. The Supreme Court declared the Amistad Africans free on 9 March 1841 after JQA delivered oral arguments in their favor. In 1842 JQA faced a censure hearing and ably defended himself against charges from southern congressmen. He introduced a successful resolution that finally led to the repeal of the Gag Rule in 1844. JQA voted against both the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the US declaration of war with Mexico in 1846. He collapsed on the floor of the House on 21 February 1848 and died two days later.
- Joscelyn
- Bryant
- Hart
- Greenleaf Daniel
Mr Joscelyn and
Mr Bryant are
a Committee of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, to collect
contributions for completing the monument upon Bunker Hill; a project
which has just been revived with great fervour and for which there have
been public Meetings and eloquent Speeches, and spunging Committees to
collect Subscriptions in all the towns round Boston— I declined giving
any further contribution, observing that I had given 100 dollars 95at the first undertaking of the work, and thought
that was my full proportion; and I added that I was not altogether
satisfied with the manner in which the first contributions had been
expended— Mr Joscelyn said he believed the
charges against the Directors, of mismangement of the funds were ill
founded, a satifactory explanation and statement of their proceedings
having been given by them— I said it might be so—but I had not seen it—
Mr Bryant thanked me for the assistance
I had given at the Session of Congress before last, in obtaining an act
of Congress for the payment of a claim which he and his associates had
against the Government, and which was refused upon a senseless opinion
given by the Attorney General Roger B.
Taney— This afternoon a man alighted at my house from the
Stage, and directed the Stageman to call for him here, next Monday
Morning— He came in and announced himself as an old and very intimate
acquaintance by the name of Hart— I
recognized neither him nor his name— He said his intimacy with me had
been at Mr
Macqueen’s house at the Hague in 1795 and 1796 and 7. It
was with my brother Thomas; whose
intimacy at Macqueen’s I well remember, but in which I had no
participation— I saw Macqueen several times; but never was at his house—
Macqueen was an Englishman who kept a jewellers shop— Holland and
Great-Britain were then at War, and as Minister from the United States I
purposely abstained from frequenting an Englishman who was allowed to
reside and keep his shop there; but was regarded with some Suspicion—
Macqueen had a handsome and lively wife, and
my brother was less scrupulous of acquaintance than I was. Mr Hart upon finding that he had now mistaken
me for my brother, said that he recollected me— That my brother had
introduced him to me, and he had then a project for coming to America
and establishing a glass manufactory here—concerning which he had then
consulted me— He said he had since then lived in various
countries—particularly many years in France; before and after the
downfall of Napoleon— That
he had now been about five years in this Country, with which he was
delighted— That he resided at New-York, but had recently come from
Canada. That he now contemplated establishing a new manufactory, in
Boston or its vicinity, of Files, Saws, and Pins; but it was a great
undertaking and would require a large capital, and an associated
company— I asked him if he knew any thing about the present condition of
Macqueen or his family. He seemed unwilling to speak of them— He said
there had been irregularities in the family— That Macqueen’s wife had
left him and gone off with a Captain
Stofford, Captain of an English small vessel of War, lost on
the Coast of Holland, and whom he had often met with my brother at
Macqueen’s— I remembered my brothers having repeatedly spoken to me of
this Captain Stofford. I mentioned that Macqueen came to see me when I
was at Ghent in 1814—and complained of having been severely persecuted
and abused—and that he was then poor and miserable— I find in my
Letter-book of that time a Letter to my brother of 17. September 1814
giving him an account of Macqueen’s visit to me, and of his complaints—
His wife was then with him— I told Mr Hart
that my brother died in March of last year; and I regretted his
disappointment, on learning that his old friend was deceased, and I felt
some mortification that Mr Harts account of
his own adventures for the intervening forty years since his
acquaintance with my brother, and his present speculative objects, with
some apparent unwillingness to speak of his present Situation, prospects
and connections in this Country, did not encourage me to offer him those
hospitalities which he seemed confidently to have expected from my
brother— After about half an hour’s conversation, he enquired the way to
French’s Inn, to which he proceeded—
Mr
Daniel Greenleaf accompanied our Ladies
home, returning from a visit to his
wife— We heard this day of the terrible Catastrophe, the
explosion of the Steamboat Lioness, on the Mississippi, by which
Josiah S. Johnston the
Senator, and Edward D. White
member of the House from Louisiana, lost their Lives.
